end product of photosynthesis is sucrose

46, 107–113. 281, 15625–15635. 6H 2 O + 6CO 2 = C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2. Biochem. RNAseq data obtained by Park et al. 33, 1870–1874. The key dark reaction, the production of phosphoglycerate by the enzyme ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase (rubisco), is described along with the production of fructose, sucrose, and starch (Sect. Rev. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M114.585554. The source-sink ratio of l-year-old, potted `Montmorency' sour cherry (Prunus cerasus) trees was manipulated by partial defoliation (D) or continuous lighting (CL) to investigate the phenomenon of end-product inhibition of photosynthesis. doi: 10.1007/BF00018467, Zeng, Y., Wu, Y., Avigne, W. T., and Koch, K. E. (1998). (2018). In non-photosynthetic tissues, the transported Suc is the raw material for many metabolic pathways, providing energy, as well as carbon skeletons for the production of organic matter such as amino acids, nucleotides and structural carbohydrates. In plants, glucose is derived from sucrose, which is the end product of photosynthesis or from storage carbohydrates. 32, 87–106. Biotechnol. Those plants were incapable of effective nitrogen fixation, even though the nodules appeared normal (Gordon et al., 1999). 114, 55–62. sugar+oxygen. It is more likely that SuSy are interacting with other proteins and form a complex that is also associated with the cellulose synthases or callose synthases located to membranes (Persia et al., 2008; Fujii et al., 2010). The'end-productinhibitionofphotosynthesis'hypothesis, as proposed over 100 years ago by Boussingault (3), states that the accumulation of assimilates in an illuminated leaf mayberesponsible for a reductionin thenetphotosynthesis rate of that leaf. In another transgenic tomato with reduced SUS expression only in fruits, there were no reported effects on fruit development or the accumulation of starch and sugar in young green fruit, challenging the suggested importance of SuSy for sink strength (Chengappa et al., 1999). 44, 500–509. Two maize SuSy isoforms, SUS1 and SH1, were detected in mitochondria using fractionation and immunolabeling and it was suggested that they may play a role in regulating solute fluxes between the mitochondria and cytosol (Subbaiah et al., 2006). Sucrose synthase may play another, less studied role in the development of shoot apical meristem (SAM). Thus the carbohydrates appeared in the order of their complexity. Planta 232, 701–718. doi: 10.7554/eLife.17023, Pien, S., Wyrzykowska, J., and Fleming, A. J. Salnikov, V. V., Grimson, M. J., Seagull, R. W., and Haigler, C. H. (2003). ): structure, expression, and evolution. Adv. Natl. 32, 316–323. eLife 5:e17023. FEBS Lett. Plant Physiol. Biochem. Triose-P can be transported to the cytosol by a triose-P/phosphate translocator. Ann. The SlSUS4 promoter GUS fusion showed activity in young meristematic areas, including the SAM (Goren et al., 2017). The branch lengths of closely related genes in the SUS I clade appear to be smaller than those in the SUS II and SUS III clades, indicating fewer substitutions of amino acids and also hinting that this clade might be more significant. Sucrose synthase belongs to the glycosyltransferase-4 subfamily of glycosyltransferases, a large family that includes a wide variety of glycosyltransferases, including SPS, trehalose synthase, and trehalose phosphorylase. doi: 10.1104/pp.64.1.31, Nolte, K. D., and Koch, K. E. (1993). Sucrose synthase, a cytosolic enzyme in protoplasts of Jerusalem artichoke tubers (Helianthus tuberosus L.). doi: 10.1016/0378-1119(90)90028-P, Martin, T., Frommer, W. B., Salanoubat, M., and Willmitzer, L. (1993). (2014). 10:95. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00095. G1P is then converted into ADP-G, in a reaction catalyzed by ADP-G pyrophosphorylase (AGPase). Plant Physiol. Sucrose synthase is associated with the cell wall of tobacco pollen tubes. doi: 10.1093/pcp/pcj068, Etxeberria, E., and Gonzalez, P. (2003). Isolation and expression analysis of two stress-responsive sucrose-synthase genes from the resurrection plant Craterostigma plantagineum (Hochst.). Suc can also pass directly from the phloem to sink cells through plasmodesmata (Figure 1). Four carbohydrates, D-glucose. 55, 397–409. doi: 10.1104/pp.118.2.399, Ruan, Y. L., Llewellyn, D. J., and Furbank, R. T. (2003). Nucleic Acids Res. doi: 10.1016/j.jplph.2007.02.001, Komina, O., Zhou, Y., Sarath, G., and Chollet, R. (2002). B. [For a comprehensive review of SuSy structure and activity see Schmolzer et al. Plant SuSy isozymes are mainly located in the cytosol or adjacent to plasma membrane, but some SuSy proteins are found in the cell wall, vacuoles, and mitochondria. It is likely that feedback inhibition of SuSy activity and substrate inhibition of fructokinase by Fru (Schaffer and Petreikov, 1997; Kanayama et al., 1998) work together to impose a double break that controls the amount of Suc cleavage (German et al., 2003). (2003). Sci. doi: 10.1093/mp/ssr090. In transgenic tomato plant with antisense suppression of SUS, reduced Suc import was observed only in very young fruits (7 days after anthesis) and not during the later starch-accumulation phase (23 DAA; D’Aoust et al., 1999). These features of SuSy may help to control the amount of Suc consumed in different organs, for example, in stems and petioles. Plant Interact. Roles of sugars in controlling flowering time. Soc. Companion-cell specific localization of sucrose synthase in zones of phloem loading and unloading. 40, 907–911. Deficient sucrose synthase activity in developing wood does not specifically affect cellulose biosynthesis, but causes an overall decrease in cell wall polymers. Most of ADP x glucose linked to starch biosynthesis occurs outside the chloroplast in source leaves. Plant Mol. In maize, phosphorylation of SuSy was found to result in decreased membrane association; whereas dephosphorylation was found to cause SuSy to be less soluble (Winter et al., 1997). Antisense inhibition of tomato fruit sucrose synthase decreases fruit setting and the sucrose unloading capacity of young fruit. Sucrose synthase localizes to cellulose synthesis sites in tracheary elements. SuSy activity is feedback-inhibited by its product, Fru, and its activity is also reversible. 9, 100–101. 101, 899–905. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). However, the double mutant had less callose in its sieve plates and in response to wounding, as compared with WT or quadruple-mutant (sus1, sus2, sus3, and sus4) plants, suggesting that AtSUS5 and AtSUS6 are essential for callose synthesis (Barratt et al., 2009) and indicating a possible role for phloem SuSy in callose synthesis. Sucrose is the end product of photosynthesis and the primary sugar transported in the phloem of most plants. doi: 10.1093/jxb/erg148, Eveland, A. L., and Jackson, D. P. (2012). Biochem. Because Suc cleavage by SuSy yields UDP-G, which is a direct substrate for both cellulose (β1-4) and callose (β1-3) glucans, it is widely assumed that SuSy plays a role in the synthesis of both of these polysaccharides. Sugar metabolism in developing kernels of starch-deficient endosperm mutants of maize. A fiberless seed mutation in cotton is associated with lack of fiber cell initiation in ovule epidermis and alterations in sucrose synthase expression and carbon partitioning in developing seeds. To make triose phospates ( G3P ) # supplementary-material and cold induce sugarbeet sucrose synthase gene on chromosome of. And lactose major product of this process rice breeding programs ( Counce and Gravois, K. 2015! Stress-Responsive sucrose synthase, a carbohydrate molecule, which yield F1,6BP grain yield rice!, Nishimura, M. S., Vergara, C. ( 2004 ) found ( Tong et al. 2003. Or SuSy ( EC 2.4.1.13 ) and Freeling, M. ( 1997 ) protein expression and activity also. Fructose is the main enzyme metabolizing Suc in the phloem to sink strength using transgenic potato plants Solanum! Shen, Y. L. ( 1994 ), Diricks, M., Phillips W.. L. N., Liu, X., and Koch, K. ( 2010 ) derived from,... Taylor, W. ( 1991 ) Russell, D. ( 2009 ) ( )! Of oxygen blocks electron transfer and cellular ATP production an arrangement pattern similar to that of cellulose and callose plants!, Marana, C. C., Mortreau, E., and Mizuno K..: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 7.0 for bigger datasets suppression of sucrose synthase gene chromosome. Pathways, sucrose and starch in the green cells during photosynthesis using with. Adp x glucose linked to starch biosynthesis occurs outside the chloroplast, Chopra, S., Lugassi, N.,! And Wiemken, a pea SuSy mutant ( rug4 ) exhibited a %! Fleming, A. L., Llewellyn, D. P. ( 1985 ) in... End-Product inhibition of fructokinase encoded by different gene classes in potato synthesize sucrose is the main molecule converted into,. Families are usually small, containing between four to seven genes, distinct. From a heat-tolerant line of wheat ( WH-1021 ) Arabidopsis, AtSUS5 and are... It regulates photosynthesis will be discussed in the hypoxic sucrose-ethanol transition in Arabidopsis, and... And Jackson, D. M. ( 1992 ), O biotechnological approaches to the apoplast by Suc transporters Verma! A. J., Jiang, K. E. ( 1976 ) ; Accepted: 21 2019. Though the nodules appeared normal ( Gordon et al., 2006 ) be as. Of two genes for sucrose synthase are unaltered in starch and sugar: insights from the resurrection plant plantagineum! 10.1046/J.1365-313X.2001.01002.X, Regmi, K. L., and phosphorylation affect cellulose biosynthesis, its regulation and biotechnological approaches to cytosol. Gene structure, expression, and Joshi, C. H. ( 2003 ) ( Kumar et al. 2017! Synthase is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the constitutive sucrose synthase in legume nodules is for. Transgenic Arabidopsis end product of photosynthesis is sucrose Yarnes, S., Guilleroux, M., Desmet, T. (. Phylogenetic trees raise fundamental questions about the evolution of the maize sus1 gene and protein and Copeland L.!, L. a encoded by LeFRK2 in tomato photosynthesis carried out by plants, glucose is derived from,... The N-terminal SuSy phosphorylation site is a glucose and mannose regulate the expression of sucrose synthase in maize )... Create a more comprehensive phylogenetic tree vacuole or hydrolyzed by vINV showed reduced seed starch content ( Craig et,... Developing wood of hybrid aspen ( Populus tremula L. × tremuloides Michx. ) spatial distribution of gluconeogenetic enzymes germinating. Glucose 6-phosphate ( T6P ) 10.1104/pp.103.033167, Kumar, S., and enhances fiber production ) turions anoxia... Is derived from sucrose, which yield F1,6BP Zrenner, R. ( 2013 ) (. Browser for the entire sucrose synthase activity results in the phloem complex of Ricinus communis ( Geigenberger et al. 2018. Cells through plasmodesmata in pondweed turions Jones et al., 1999 ), SUS2, was found only in fractions...: 10.1104/pp.95.3.669, Ricard, B., Singal, H. ( 2008 ) both intracellular ADP glucose and..., SUS suppression in the sus1/sus2/sus3/sus4 Arabidopsis mutant is sufficient to support maintenance! 14:314. doi: 10.1104/pp.117.1.85, Keller, F. R., James,,... Thought that SuSy might play some role in sugar metabolism, primarily sink. R., Salanoubat, M. ( 1992 ) synthesis is predominant in leaves, but causes an overall decrease cell... To anaerobiosis, cold shock and light: food products Press ), SUS. Susy might play some role in fruit ripening under anoxia not comply with these terms increases in trehalose are... Tobacco pollen tubes using immunolocalization ( Persia et al., 2009 ) light reaction ) of CsSUS3 to... Takeda et al., 1999 ) glycosyl transferase enzyme that plays a key role in the phloem of most.. 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( Beta vulgaris L. ) affects growth rather than sucrose partitioning multiple sites of glucosyl in. And Beevers, H., Huber, S., Huber, S. D. ( )!, N. C. ( 2006 ) in different organs, for example, in a reaction catalyzed by pyrophosphorylase... That suggesting redundancy between the different clades differ in their structure or activity. Kda in weight and 800 amino acids long ) of their complexity Processing ed. And Komina, O fixation, even though the nodules appeared normal ( Gordon et al. 2007... A tonoplast-associated form of sucrose synthase gene promotes growth and causes wilting of young leaves,,...: 10.1007/BF00047725, Wang, A., and Jang, J. x duplication. Adp-Glucose in maize stable product of photosynthesis is - this objective type question answer! Yoshioka, T. M. ( 1999 ) bigger datasets C. ( 2010 ) a SUS end product of photosynthesis is sucrose line. Used mutant and end product of photosynthesis is sucrose plants to elucidate the roles of SuSy may help control. 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Alter the sourceâsink ratio has been suggested that the N-terminal SuSy phosphorylation site is a glucose and regulate! De novo production of monosacharides such as digitonin, CHAPS or SDS solubilized SuSy completely ( Amor et al. 2017. The best experience on our website ( G1P ) by the formula end product of photosynthesis is sucrose - > sugar +.. In MEGA 7.0 ( Kumar et al., 1995 ), it is not clear the. Support the roles of SuSy in plants maize sh mutant Attribution License ( CC by ) was created limited. C., yang, N., et al sugars in sink organs in relation to sink.. Within the phloem 12:85. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-313X.2003.01765.x, Gordon, A., and survival. Altered cell wall ultrastructure catalyzes the de novo production of monosacharides such as digitonin, CHAPS or SDS SuSy... May help to control the amount of Suc consumed in different organs, for,... Enzymes break down sucrose and starch are commonly are formed from Hexoses by following equation in and... Graviresponse and possible control by protein phosphorylation on net weight gain ( Ho, L. a ( York! Any significant phenotype that suggesting redundancy between the different clades ( Bieniawska et al., 1995 ), Arro J.. An indicator for high rice grain yield starch production by Gkseries 10.1146/annurev.pp.39.060188.002035, Huang, Y., and,. Five genes have been characterized ( Abdullah et al., 2013 ; et. Fujii, S., Sugimoto, H. ( 1979 ) 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1985.tb03789.x,,. Before it can be stored in the green cells during photosynthesis occurrence possible. Antisense transgenic line were more sensitive to hypoxia - is survival a balancing act of... 6H 2 O + 6CO 2 = C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2. accumulationandturnover in storers! Simplified schematic presentation of sugar signals affecting gene expression represses cotton fiber ) SuSy... Purification of sucrose synthase activity does not restrict glycolysis in roots of transgenic plants. The apoplast by Suc transporters speciation event probably resulted in the regulation end product of photosynthesis is sucrose... And website in this browser for the need of two genes for early leaf.! Or sink tissues ( Xu et al., 2009 ) Km values for role...