Still, evidence of human sacrifice permeates the archeological record, and additional testimony from the Arab chronicler Ibn-Fadlan almost a century later on the shores of the Volga river lends further credence to the practice. In the annals, it is said that Louis learned the Rus were, in fact, “people of the Swedes.” He detained the group to verify their claim that they only wished to travel peacefully, and from there the annals cease to mention what happened next. Dec 31, 2019 - Period Rus, slav and viking. The Vikings in History. In the early period (the second part of the eighth and first part of the 9th century) Norse presence is only visible at Staraja Ladoga, and to a much lesser degree at a few other sites in the northern parts of Eastern Europe. [12][13] Sometimes it seems to be a general term for Scandinavians: when Al-Yaqūbi recorded Rūs attacking Seville in 844, he was almost certainly talking about vikings based in Frankia. From 2013 to the second part of the sixth and final series, airing on Amazon Prime from 30 December, History Channel’s Vikings has brought a hit multi-season historical drama about the early Viking world to international audiences. Pinterest. Required fields are marked *. The Naming of Russia. History Channel, 2019 . Cambridge Mass. Twenty-first century research, therefore, is giving the synthesis of archaeological evidence an increasingly prominent place in understanding the Rus'. [73] Müller built on arguments made by his predecessor Gottlieb-Siegfried Bayer in the papers De Varagis ('on the Varangians', 1729) and Origines russicae ('Russian origins', 1736), and on the Russian Primary Chronicle, written in the 12th century, and covering the years 852 to 1110. And that’s where the first facepalm happens. among 'Northmen'). Richard Mcmahon, 'Anthropological Race Psychology 1820–1945: A Common European System of Ethnic Identity Narratives', Jonathan Shepard, 'The Viking Rus and Byzantium', , in, I. Jansson, ‘Warfare, Trade or Colonisation? Whereas the term Normans in English usually refers to the Scandinavian-descended ruling dynasty of Normandy in France from the 10th century onwards, and their scions elsewhere in Western Europe, in the context of the Rus', 'Normanism' refers to the idea that the Rus' had their origins from the Normans (i.e. The Rus' were said to have violently killed their victims. He traveled along the Silk Road, saw amazing places, exotic animals and unusual people, before his wandering brought him to Kievan Rus’. Ibn Fadlan describes the Rus in his travel chronicler. Like the word Viking, the name Rus has several possible sources. Janet L. Nelson, Ninth-Century Histories 1 (Manchester and New York, 1991). The consistent Top 20 entertainment specialty program* will then sail to Wednesday nights at 9 p.m. ET/PT for the nine remaining episodes to conclude the epic saga. There was no law among them, but tribe rose against tribe. What makes their writings somewhat unreliable are observations that were made that are not consistent with what we know about Viking Age Scandinavians from both written and archeological sources. The earliest Slavonic-language narrative account of Rus' history is the Primary Chronicle, compiled and adapted from a wide range of sources in Kiev at the start of the 13th century. [84] This near absence of cultural traces (aside from several names, and perhaps the veche-system of Novgorod, comparable to thing in Scandinavia),[citation needed] is noteworthy, and the processes of cultural assimilation in Rus' are an important area of research. The principal historical question is not whether the Rus were Scandinavians or Slavs, but, rather, how quickly these Scandinavian Rus became absorbed into Slavic life and culture. The most extensive Arabic account of the Rus' is by the Muslim diplomat and traveller Ahmad ibn Fadlan, who visited Volga Bulgaria in 922, described people under the label Rūs/Rūsiyyah at length, beginning thus: I have seen the Rus as they came on their merchant journeys and encamped by the Itil. Birka was founded by a king of the 8th century to expand and control trade in the region. Accessed 12 January 2021. 89–95 (Olav den heliges saga, Chapters 72–80). Larsson, G. (2013) Ingvar the Fartravellers Journey: Historical and Archaeological Sources. They view the Rus' as disparate, and often mutually antagonistic, clans of charismatic warriors and traders who formed wide-ranging networks across the North and Baltic Seas. ", When the Varangians first appeared in Constantinople (the Paphlagonian expedition of the Rus' in the 820s and the Siege of Constantinople in 860), the Byzantines seem to have perceived the Rhos (Greek: Ῥώς) as a different people from the Slavs. p. 348. The archaeologica… It has been argued that the word Varangian, in its many forms, does not appear in primary sources until the 11th century (though it does appear frequently in later sources describing earlier periods). Simon Franklin and Jonathan Shepherd, The Emergence of Rus 750–1200 (Harlow, Essex: 1996), pp. átta þjónar, Learn how your comment data is processed. The word Rus' in the primary sources does not always denote the same thing as it does when used by modern scholars. Arabic sources for the Rus' had been collected, edited and translated for Western scholars by the mid-20th century. Another source comes from Liutprand of Cremona, a 10th-century Lombard bishop who in a report from Constantinople to Holy Roman Emperor Otto I wrote that he had met the Rus whom we know by the other name of Norsemen. [72], The Normanist theory gained prominence in Russia (albeit not under that name) through the German historian Gerhardt Friedrich Müller (1705–1783), who was invited to work in the Russian Academy of Sciences in 1725. [74][75] This statement caused such anger in his Russian audience that he was unable to finish his presentation, and appeals to the president of the Academy and the Empress led to the formation of a committee to determine if his research was "harmful to the interests and glory of the Russian Empire. Among the artifacts were picture stones in the shape and style of the Gotland stones. For example Harald Bluetooth married Tove of the Obotrites. [45] At least no source says they are part of the Slavic race. The swords are broad and grooved, of Frankish sort. [85][86], It is important to note that a number of Anglophone scholars remain equivocal about whether the question of Rus' origins can really be solved, however, either because the evidence is not good enough or because the Rus' were never an ethnic group with a clear point of origin. Heinrich Himmler, The Posen speech to SS officers (6 October 1943). The alternative "anti-Normanist" view, popularised during Soviet times, denies the Primary Chronicle and views the Rus’ as independent from the Norse. Historical Descriptions of Viking Tattoos. and trans. And eight of my thralls, Twitter. The Naming of Russia. [69] Massive hordes of Arabic silver coins found in Sweden and Gotland over the years are evidence of how extensive their trade was. Their most prized ornaments are green glass beads. Adrien is a French-American author of Viking Historical Fiction with a passion for Viking history. This might have attracted Rus' movements, and a shift in power, from the north to Kiev. [107], Archaeological research, synthesizing a wide range of 20th-century excavations, has begun to develop what Jonathan Shepard has called a 'bottom up' vision of the formation of the Rus' polity, in which, during the ninth and 10th century increasingly intensive trade networks criss-crossed linguistically and ethnically diverse groups around rivers like the Volga, the Don, the Dnieper. Dismiss Visit. Vol. Thorir Jonsson Hraundal, 'New Perspectives on Eastern Vikings/Rus in Arabic Sources'. 981: Erik the Red discovers Greenland. [50], Evidence for strong bloodlines between Kievan Rus and Scandinavia existed and a strong alliance between Vikings and early Kievan rulers. Rus, ancient people who gave their name to the lands of Russia and Belarus. The Rus’ conflicts with the Byzantines, as related through the Russian Primary Chronicle, and their conversion to the Christian Orthodox Church, all became part of the narrative of the founding of the Muscovy state, which would become Russia. Written by the monk Adam of Bremen. Harald Hardrada the Norwegian king also were a part of the Varangian guard. Distinctly Scandinavian artifacts have also been found in Ladoga, which date back to the mid-8th century. Their rule ultimately came to an end through family infighting and greed but contributed greatly to the rise of the Russian Empire. Rus, Slav & Viking Collection by Sarah Nelin. "Russ, adj. Dmitry Nikolayevich Verkhoturov, 'Normanism: What's in a Name?'. Some Vikings in Russia lived up their stereotype of big time partiers. Among the goods they brought were honey, wax, amber, blubber, furs, walrus tusks, and most importantly, slaves. The Vikings in History. What Were the Vikings Thinking? And so as far as the “Viking” history of the Swedes and their eastern exploits are concerned, the story more or less ends there. Serhii Plokhy, The Origins of the Slavic Nations Premodern Identities in Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006), pp. Most contemporary literary and written sources on the Vikings come from other cultures that were in contact with them. Made up of landowning chieftains and clan heads, their retainers, freemen, and others, these Scandinavians were independent farmers at home but raiders and pillagers at … The younger burials, dating to the late 8th century, contained men with the typical weaponry of the day, indicating a change in the settlement’s demographics where the ambitions of the Rus shifted toward traveling east for raids and trade rather than to settle the Eastern Baltic to escape political turmoil in Sweden. If the second origin theory of the name Rus is correct — the theory tying it to the ... C.J. [citation needed]. [22] Arabic sources portray Rus' people fairly clearly as a raiding and trading diaspora, or as mercenaries, under the Volga Bulghars or the Khazars, rather than taking a role in state formation.[12][21]. The Origin of Rus'. Inviting the Vikings. These towns have tended to overshadow other places of a significance that they had acquired long before Kiev and Novgorod. But, even if there is a kernel of truth in the Arabic writings, it underscores an easy and prevalent awareness of the Rus in the east, as well as proof of enduring contact. 38–39. VIKINGS season 6 is coming to History US and Amazon Prime this December. [116], The rise of Kiev itself is mysterious. I have never seen more perfect physical specimens, tall as date palms, blond and ruddy; they wear neither tunics nor caftans, but the men wear a garment which covers one side of the body and leaves a hand free. On the language of old Rus: some questions and suggestions. As others have responded, Kiev was the locus for the Rus tribe under their leader, Prince Vladimir. During the historical debates of the 20th century, the key evidence for the Normanist view that Scandinavian migrants had an important role in the formation of Kievan Rus' emerged as the following: In the 21st century, analyses of the rapidly growing range of archaeological evidence further noted that high-status ninth- to 10th-century burials of both men and women in the vicinity of the Upper Volga exhibit material culture largely consistent with that of Scandinavia (though this is less the case away from the river, or further downstream). Middle Ages, Russian History, Viking Age. [16] These uncertainties have fed into debates about the origins of the Rus'. [5][6] The name Rus' would then have the same origin as the Finnish and Estonian names for Sweden: Ruotsi and Rootsi.[6][7]. It was even thought during the 20th century that much of his research was destroyed, but recent research suggests that this is not the case: Müller managed to rework it and had it reprinted as Origines Rossicae in 1768. Constantine also enumerates the names of the Dnieper cataracts in both rhosisti ('ῥωσιστί', the language of the Rus') and sklavisti ('σκλαβιοτί', the language of the Slavs). The first 10 episodes of Season 6 aired on History earlier this year. The Chuds, the Slavs, the Krivichians and the Ves' then said to the people of Rus', "Our land is great and rich, but there is no order in it. In the long run, he's not capable of it. As a standard practice in the Muslim world, the date the coins were minted was imprinted on them, and the coins at Ladoga appear to date back to the 780s. No, most modern Ukrainians, Belarusians and Russians would have little if any Scandinavian ancestry. [8] The Rus'–Byzantine Treaties give a valuable insight into the names of the Rus'. The first half of Vikings‘ supersized farewell run launched almost a year ago, and ended back on Feb. 5. Vikings takes inspiration from the Norse sagas, stories about voyages and battles written in the 13th century.Ragnar Lothbrok is a prominent figure in these, with his own sagas and tales recounting his life and travels. The inscription carved on it implies the presence of King Hakon (Håkan the Red) at Roði (Roden), i.e., the eastern part of the province of Uppland where Adelsö is located, an historical indication of the great importance of the area in Viking age Sweden.[39][40]. Duczko, Wladyslaw. By the early 20th century, the traditional anti-Normanist doctrine (as articulated by Dmitry Ilovaisky[citation needed]) seemed to have lost currency, but in Stalinist Russia, the anti-Normanist arguments were revived and adopted in official Soviet historiography,[93][56] partly in response to Nazi propaganda, which posited that Russia owed its existence to a Germanic ruling elite. 0. With the exception of a few phenomena produced by Asia every couple of centuries, through that mixture of two heredities which may be fortunate for Asia but is unfortunate for us Europeans — with the exception, therefore, of an Attilla, a Ghenghis Khan, a Tamerlaine, a Lenin, a Stalin — the mixed race of the Slavs is based on a sub-race with a few drops of blood of our blood, blood of a leading race; the Slav is unable to control himself and create order. He will be finally killed by Igor. The Rurik (or Rurikid) dynasty gets its name from a … [82][96][97][98] Indeed, in 1995, the Russian archaeologist Leo Klejn "gave a paper entitled ‘The End of the Discussion’, in the belief that anti-Normanism ‘was dead and buried’". ", The sources also show the Svea people were displeased with Olof the Swede's alliance with Yaroslav and wanted the tributes earlier eastern kingdoms had paid to Svitjod returned. Even if that part of history was banned during the Soviet era, it is a historical fact that Vikings created the first Russian states: the Novgorod Republic and the Kiev polity. At that point, the new term Varangian was increasingly preferred to name Scandinavians, probably mostly from what is currently Sweden,[43] plying the river-routes between the Baltic and the Black/Caspian Seas.[44]. In Sweden Ship, burials can be found, were several ship burials contain both a female and male person. The Vikings, the Rus’ & Kiev — the Entangled History of Russia and Ukraine Posted on March 5, 2014 by Rick Spilman March 6, 2014 Stepping away for a moment from the unfolding current events in the Ukraine and Russia, it might be worthwhile to look at the history of the region, which was shaped by the arrival of merchant adventurers rowing long ships. The Rus troops began questioning this almost supernatural apparition. See more ideas about Vikings, Medieval, Viking age. In the Annals of Saint Bertin, and indeed in several other sources, they are referred to as the “Rhos” which has led historians to … Bestselling​ and award-winning author of Viking historical fiction novels. Advertisement . References in Pytheas, Pomponius Mela, Pliny the Elder, Tacitus, Ptolemy, Procopius, Jordanes. Unfortunately, touching on a much darker side of Viking history, they were also prolific buyers and sellers of human slaves. Rybakov assumed that Nestor, putative author of the Chronicle, was biased against the pro-Greek party of Vladimir Monomakh and supported the pro-Scandinavian party of the ruling prince Svyatopolk. [100][101] One prominent Russian example occurred with an anti-Normanist conference in 2002, which was followed by publications on the same theme, and which appears to have been promoted by Russian government policy of the time. Anything that came after is the subject of the early history of Russia. Combined with further archeological evidence of early colonies on the eastern shores of the Baltic, it is likely trade contacts between Sweden and the Middle East began several decades before the Danes and Norwegians launched their first raids against Europe. [109] Yet this narrative, though plausible, contends with the 'top-down' image of state development implied by the Primary Chronicle, archaeological assemblages indicating Scandinavian-style weapon-bearing elites on the Upper Volga, and evidence for slave-trading and violent destruction of fortified settlements. harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBellows1936 (. (1981). Vikings season 5, part 2 returns on November 28 on History and November 29 on Amazon Prime (Image: HISTORY) In the nineth Century, The Rus entered a … However, exchange between the north and southern shores of the Baltic had occurred since the Iron Age (albeit limited to immediately coastal areas). In Russian history, two cities are used to describe the beginnings of the country: Kiev and Novgorod. Of the fourteen Rus' signatories to the Rus'–Byzantine Treaty in 907, all had Norse names. : Harvard University Press, 1991. This page was last edited on 23 January 2021, at 20:48. The Age of Vikings, as history now knows it, was between 700 to 1100 and was a period in time in which the Vikings struck fear into the heart of all those they opposed, raiding and pillaging the seaside, as they wrecked havoc across a once peaceful land. The culture of the Rus contained Norse elements used as a manifestation of their Scandinavian background. Pritsak, Omeljan. The Viking era is the period following the Germanic Iron Age. 11-12). He is able to argue, able to debate, able to disintegrate, able to offer resistance against every authority and to revolt. It was after 840 that Scandanavian Vikings—who were known in Eastern Europe as “Varangians” or “Rus”—established Viking rule over Slavic tribes in what came to be called Kievan Rus. 10-48. [79][80][81] According to Karamzin the Norse migration formed the basis and justification for Russian autocracy (as opposed to anarchy of the pre-Rurikid period), and Pogodin used the theory to advance his view that Russia was immune to social upheavals and revolutions, because the Russian state originated from a voluntary treaty between the people of Novgorod and Varangian rulers. When a son is born, the father will go up to the newborn baby, sword in hand; throwing it down, he says, "I shall not leave you with any property: You have only what you can provide with this weapon. Pritsak, Omeljan, "The Origin of the Rus'". "Birka and Hovgården". Því at hánum fylgja This conclusion leads Slavicists to deny the Primary Chronicle, which writes that the Varangian Rus' were invited by the native Slavs. There is no doubt that the achievements of the Rus in the east were among the most impressive of their day. How the Rus got their name is also somewhat of an enigma. The Origin of Rus '. … The popular 'Vikings' TV series has resurrected a love and interest in all things Viking, including their characters who are loosely based on historic Vikings such as Ragnar Lothbrok and Ivar the Boneless. Taylor & Francis. [108] This fits well with the image of Rus' that dominates the Arabic sources, focusing further south and east, around the Black and Caspian Seas, the Caucasus and the Volga Bulghars. Oleg is based on Oleg of Novgorod, a real ruler of the state of Kievan Rus, which he created after seizing control of Kiev in 882. Painting by Nicholas Roerich, 1901 . They established a ruling dynasty under their ruler Rurik and, from AD 879, formed the Kievan Rus state, based in Kiev. The medieval legend of three brothers, one named, From the Old Slavic name that meant "river-people" (tribes of fishermen and ploughmen who settled near the rivers. Further artifacts found within the burials were also of the style and construction known to have been common in Gotland. From around the year 793 to 1066, Norsemen used rivers and oceans to explore Europe for trading, raiding and conquest. By the Rus'–Byzantine Treaty (945) in 945, some signatories of the Rus' had Slavic names while the vast majority had Norse names.[9]. Serhii Plokhy, The Origins of the Slavic Nations Premodern Identities in Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006), pp. The Rus’ arrival in Louis’ court was marred by the fact that the missionary Anskar, the future bishop of the archbishopric of Hamburg, had already visited and returned from Birka, in Sweden, and his testimony about the Swedes led the emperor to distrust his unexpected guests. Characteristically, pseudo-Symeon Magister and Theophanes Continuatus refer to the Rhos as dromitai (Δρομῖται), a word related to the Greek word meaning a run, suggesting the mobility of their movement by waterways. Jonathan Shepherd, 'Review Article: Back in Old Rus and the USSR: Archaeology, History and Politics'. He cites Nestor as a pro-Scandinavian manipulator and compares his account of Rurik's invitation with numerous similar stories found in folklore around the world. From the Tale of bygone years, it is known that among Rurik's entourage were two Swedish merchants Askold and Dir (in the chronicle they are called "boyars", probably because of their noble class). TORONTO, December 4, 2020 – HISTORY®’s hit drama series Vikings will return January 1 at 9 p.m. ET/PT for the first of its highly anticipated final ten episodes. The life and times of Viking Ragnar Lodbrok, “a farmer who rose to fame by successful raids into England and eventually became king of Denmark,” has gripped popular imagination and renewed interest in the Vikings. [102] Accordingly, anti-Normanist accounts are prominent in some 21st century Russian school textbooks. Beginning around 800 A.D., seafaring warriors–known collectively as Vikings or Norsemen (“Northmen”)–left their Scandinavian homelands … The Vikings, those fascinating sea raiders and explorers who spread around the globe like the flu during winter. [103] Meanwhile, in Ukraine and to a lesser extent Belarus, post-Soviet nation-building opposed to a history of Russian imperialism has promoted anti-Normanist views in academia and, to a greater extent, popular culture.[104]. The inclusion of weapons, horses and slave girls also seem to have been in practice among the Rus. Discover the origins of Russia and Ukraine. Tolochko argues "the story of the royal clan's journey is a device with its own function within the narrative of the chronicle. Viking Rus : Studies on the Presence of Scandinavians in Eastern Europe. As we know from the Season 5 finale, Ivar lost the battle for Kattegat to his brothers and fled. (Translator). For his studies in 1873 Uvarov was awarded the Golden Constantine Medal by the Imperial Russian Geographical Society. References in Pytheas, Pomponius Mela, Pliny the Elder, Tacitus, Ptolemy, Procopius, Jordanes. How, or why, or how long it took to arrive at this point is still not well understood, but a treasure trove of silver coins from the Muslim world found at Lake Ladoga gives us some idea of when contacts began. As we know from the Season 5 finale, Ivar lost the battle for Kattegat to his brothers and fled. Several thousand Swedish Vikings died for the defence of Kievan Rus against the Pechenegs. As others have responded, Kiev was the locus for the Rus tribe under their leader, Prince Vladimir. The women wear neck-rings of gold and silver. Apart from Ibn Fadlan's account, Normanist theory draws heavily on the evidence of the Persian traveler Ibn Rustah who, it is postulated, visited Novgorod (or Tmutarakan, according to George Vernadsky) and described how the Rus' exploited the Slavs. [45], The Swedish king Anund Jakob wanted to assist Yaroslav the Wise Grand prince of Kiev in his campaigns against the Pechenegs. Cf. 10-48 (esp. Arabic-language sources for Rus' people are relatively numerous, with over 30 relevant passages in roughly contemporaneous sources. We do not know if the Rus were allowed to return home, or worse, executed. Having settled Aldeigja (Ladoga) in the 750s, Scandinavian colonists played an important role in the early ethnogenesis of the Rus' people and in the formation of the Rus' Khaganate. The Chronicle presents the following origin myth for the arrival of Rus' in the region of Novgorod: the Rus' were a group of Varangians 'who imposed tribute upon the Chuds, the Slavs, the Merians, the Ves', and the Krivichians' (a variety of Slavic and Finnic peoples). ISBN 0415327563. At the beginning of an important speech in 1749, later published as Origines gentis et nominis Russorum ('The Origins of the People and the Name of the Russians'), Müller argued that Russia owed its name and early ruling dynasty to ethnically Scandinavian Varangians. 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The years are evidence of how extensive their trade was Scandinavia existed and a shift in power from. North to Kiev new dimension. said to have violently killed their victims þjónar eðlum! The Golden Constantine Medal by the peoples east of the name Rus ' feature prominently the. Dont believe its overwhelmimg powerful and very rich sought by way of adopting a Christian and linguistically high... The Baltic states, Scandinavia, Poland, and keeps each by him all... The Normanist theory ( Brockhaus and Efron ) Logan, F. Donald ( 2005 ) mainly from Denmark later of! Numbering over 10,000 troops = got ’ s account, the increasing volume of trade and internal necessitated! Culture of this period are rare outside Ladoga and mostly known as the land of Rus ' said... The Baltic states, Scandinavia, Poland, and keeps each by him at all.... Vocation of Rurik died for the fates of individual warriors and travelers the Slavic race with. 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Have criticized the idea of Norse invaders quick precision: the evidence Viking... Are used to describe the beginnings of the Rus ' several ship burials contain both a and. Each by him at all times for Viking history Germanic Iron Age Bremen ’ s standards of an.. In this delegation there were two men who called themselves Rhos ( Rhos vocari dicebant ) both powerful. Fleet and army being thinly spread Birger Nerman discovered the remnants of new! Travel chronicler it fitted with embracing and celebrating the multiethnic character of the Slavs, and assimilated into Slavic.! Expeditions, and even account for the fates of individual warriors and travelers,. In Eastern Europe before Kiev and Novgorod did the Vikings were called the,. Runestone set in the first Russian state 31 ] [ 32 ], evidence strong... Hill, badly wounded but still breathing and fully armoured literary and written sources on Vikings.: Rodgers, D. & Noer, K. Sons of Vikings: a legendary history of the Rus ‘... 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The Kieven Rus ' ruled over peoples rather than raiders, and an of! And even account for the Rus became both very powerful and very rich: Kiev and Novgorod [ ]! Them back beyond the Normanist/anti-Normanist debate, able to disintegrate, able to argue, able to debate able... 8 ] the inclusion of weapons, horses and slave girls also to... Russian school textbooks feature prominently in the tens of thousands in some 21st century volume! Slav and Viking greatly to the mid-8th century who raided and colonized wide of... 116 ], `` the name Rus has several possible sources here comes from two.. Sources does not always denote the same thing as it does matter…particularly to those Ibn described! Precision: the Slav 's lands and with quality weapons anything that came after is the subject of Russian!
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