The Sun Journal is a member of the North Carolina Press Association. The meridional circulation of the Sun, which is observed to be poleward at the surface, should have a return flow at some depth. General Questions; Use this number if you are uncertain to whom your question should be addressed. Phone: (716) 439-9222 Sun Journal. Circulation: 11,486 daily in 2006: Website: lockportjournal.com: The Lockport Union-Sun & Journal is a six-day (Monday through Saturday) morning newspaper published in Lockport, New York, United States, and covering municipalities in eastern Niagara County. The observed level of global circulation is more than 25 times larger than the Weber–Davis model, which predicts flows of about 2 km s−1 at PSP distances from the Sun for an Alfvén point at 10 solar radii, implying much higher rates of angular momentum loss by the solar wind and resulting spindown of solar rotation. We should recall that the polar magnetic field that begins a new magnetic cycle of the Sun is the magnetic field in the polar coronal holes, open magnetic flux, not the magnetic field of active regions that migrate to the poles, and it is necessary to transport the open flux to the poles. Click here to see your options. Contact us by phone for assistance. The profiles indicate that HMI data can be used to reliably measure these axisymmetric flow velocities to at least within 5 Degree-Sign of the poles. A persistent orientation of the switchbacks, along with statistical studies of the time between switchbacks and their durations, all strongly suggest that they originate close to the Sun (Dudok de Wit et al. The American Astronomical Society. You do not need to reset your password if you login via Athens or an Institutional login. Sun Journal epaper. BibTeX SUBSCRIBE NOW. It is conceivable that there could be a change in angular momentum loss to the solar wind, if the solar wind originates preferentially from a region with either enhanced or reduced angular momentum in the circulating open magnetic flux. To find out more, see our, Browse more than 100 science journal titles, Read the very best research published in IOP journals, Read open access proceedings from science conferences worldwide. The SWEAP Investigation is supported under the same contract. If both ends of the field line were connected to the Sun, a heat flux would be seen traveling in opposite directions along the field simultaneously, and if the events were U-shaped disconnections of field near the HCS, the heat flux would drop out. There are also models in which interchange reconnection between open magnetic flux and loops results in open flux accumulating in regions where the emergence of new magnetic flux is a local minimum, which can provide an explanation for the formation of coronal holes (Fisk 2005; Abramenko et al. [ARTICLE] The magnetic field pressure in the corona is dominant, and substantial variations in magnetic pressure do not occur. About Lewiston Sun Journal. Need Help? The observed level of global circulation is more than 25 times larger than the Weber–Davis model, which predicts flows of about 2 km s −1 at PSP distances from the Sun for an Alfvén point at 10 solar radii, implying much higher rates of angular momentum loss by the solar wind and resulting spindown of solar rotation. In summary, the most compelling explanation for the switchbacks in the magnetic field, and their accompanying spikes in the solar wind velocity, is that the switchbacks and spikes are the remnants of the interchange reconnection process in the lower corona proposed by Fisk & Schwadron (2001) and Fisk (2005), and illustrated in Figure 1. Join to Connect. The open magnetic field lines are undergoing global circulation in the overlying corona, while still being attached to the solar surface. 2020). Print and digital only packages will be available. The clear observation that open magnetic flux is undergoing interchange reconnection with coronal loops in all forms of solar wind invalidates any model in which there is not open magnetic flux embedded throughout closed magnetic field regions, as, for example, would be predicted by the commonly used potential field source surface models for calculating the distribution of open magnetic flux. This comparison indicates that these HMI images are rotated counterclockwise by 0. : Originating Research Org. This indicates that the poleward meridional flow returns equatorward at depths >50 Mm-just below the base of the surface shear layer. 2020). While naturally evolving turbulence in the expanding solar wind could also produce switchbacks (Vasquez & Hollweg 1996; Squire et al. Education. 1945 - 2020 Obituary. During solar minimum conditions the heliospheric current sheet lies near the solar equatorial plane. 2020). Tel: +353 1 668 9099 | Fax: + 353 1 668 9872 | Email: lbuckley@newsbrands.ie Strips from these maps are then cross-correlated to determine the distances in latitude and longitude that the magnetic. of Atmospheric Physics, Moscow OSTI Identifier: 4609651 The dependence of the transverse flow on latitude is just as strong as the dependence on radial distance, suggesting that distance from the heliospheric current sheet or the midlatitude coronal hole could be a factor in setting the amplitude of the circulation. Save 90%. The simplest three-dimensional shape of the folds is an S-shaped structure, the same as is illustrated in Figure 1. 2019), and extrapolations of photospheric magnetic field maps (Badman et al. The red curves represent open magnetic field lines and the blue curves, large coronal loops. My Subscription Enjoy the convenience of managing your account online. Hathaway, David H., E-mail: david.hathaway@nasa.gov. The displacements result in a diffusion of open flux along the solar surface, with the displacements oriented preferentially in the direction of motion required to maintain magnetic pressure balance in the solar corona. Journal Home; Current Issue; See All Issues; Stroke. The observed transverse flows are consistent with the global circulation of open magnetic flux predicted by Fisk & Schwadron (2001) and Fisk (2005). Lockport Carol J. Peters passed away December 27, 2020 in Buffalo General Medical Center. $3 for 3 months. 2019; Badman et al. Recall that PSP sweeps through a range of solar latitudes as it approaches the Sun, reaching a maximum distance from the solar equator at closest approach. Moreover, the large observed transverse flows are part of a closed global circulation pattern, and within a closed system, angular momentum is conserved. Low-energy electrons in particular follow field lines, and the Parker spiral magnetic field, lying on cones of constant heliographic latitude, provides no means for electrons to be transported from low to high latitudes. As part of our commitment to quality service we have our subscriber services available to you 24/7. https://doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0168-100, THE SUN'S MERIDIONAL CIRCULATION AND INTERIOR MAGNETIC FIELD, https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/738/1/47, SUPERGRANULES AS PROBES OF THE SUN'S MERIDIONAL CIRCULATION, https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/760/1/84, MEASUREMENTS OF THE SUN'S HIGH-LATITUDE MERIDIONAL CIRCULATION, https://doi.org/10.1088/2041-8205/761/1/L14, DETECTION OF EQUATORWARD MERIDIONAL FLOW AND EVIDENCE OF DOUBLE-CELL MERIDIONAL CIRCULATION INSIDE THE SUN, https://doi.org/10.1088/2041-8205/774/2/L29. Start Over. In this regime, meridional flows driven at the base of the convection zone are of sufficient amplitude to hold back the interior magnetic field against diffusion. At closest approach the transverse flow reached 50 km s−1, or 25% of the radial speed of the wind, with no sign that it was a maximum. Experience. Back to article image view << Previous issue < Previous article. The closed global circulation flows of open flux can neither add nor subtract angular momentum, and indeed, to within our limited observations of the global flow patterns, there are both positive and negative flows. You need an eReader or compatible software to experience the benefits of the ePub3 file format. 2, 294-9(1972). News Sports Entertainment Lifestyle Opinion Nation / World Obituaries E-Edition Legals. Classifieds in the New Bern Sun Journal list real estate, auctions, pets, products and services for sale and much more. The Lewiston Sun Journal keeps readers up to date on news and events in Maine's second-largest city. This represents one of the first positive detections of the Sun's meridional return flow and illustrates the power of using supergranules to probe the Sun's internal dynamics. Putting all these effects together, Fisk (1996) showed that the magnetic field from the polar coronal hole moves systematically in latitude, downward on one side of the Sun and upward on the other side, thereby imparting a polar component to the heliospheric magnetic field. There are also models in which interchange reconnection between open magnetic flux and coronal loops, the Poynting flux it creates, and the displacement from equilibrium of the coronal magnetic field that it causes can accelerate the solar wind (Fisk et al. Department of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering, University of Michigan, 2455 Hayward Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2143, USA, L. A. Fisk https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0646-2279, J. C. Kasper https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7077-930X, Received 2020 March 3 It is a broadsheet-format daily (seven days, mornings) with website and Facebook page. The open magnetic flux moves through the corona to maintain magnetic pressure balance. Instead, PSP always observes the heat flux to remain constant in intensity and to rotate with the magnetic field. Here, we characterize the axisymmetric flows by applying a magnetic feature cross-correlation procedure to high-resolution magnetograms obtained by the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (HMI) on board the Solar Dynamics Observatory. Go to page containing this article. The transverse flow had roughly the same dependence on distance for the inbound and outbound phases of the first two encounters, even though the solar wind source was different for each phase and the speed of the wind varied by more than a factor of three from nearly 200 km s−1 to over 600 km s−1. 2020). Doug was born September 1, 1934 in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. The remarkable observations from the Parker Solar Probe (PSP), which we will now discuss, not only show that the S-shaped switchbacks survive, they validate that open magnetic flux is transported by interchange reconnection, that systematic interchange reconnection is an essential process for understanding the dynamics of the solar corona and the solar magnetic field, and that the global circulation of open magnetic flux predicted by Fisk & Schwadron (2001) and Fisk (2005) exists. Its publishing company, IOP Publishing, is a world leader in professional scientific communications. support of all Slbley students. The global circulation of the open magnetic flux of the Sun, the component of the solar magnetic field that opens into the heliosphere, and the consequences of the global circulation were proposed by Fisk and coworkers in the early 2000s. Results: In these cohorts, 8359 incident CHD cases were documented during 4 826 122 person-years of follow-up. The American Astronomical Society. The Las Vegas Review-Journal is Nevada’s largest newspaper and the most reliable source for news, breaking news, video and information about Las Vegas. The Parker Solar Probe, on its initial encounters with the Sun, has provided direct confirmation of both the global circulation and the physical mechanism by which the circulation occurs, transport by interchange reconnection between open magnetic flux and large coronal loops. Yang Zhao, Xiangde Xu, Jiao Li, Rong Zhang, Yanzhen Kang, Wubin Huang, Yu Xia, Di Liu, Xiaoyun Sun, The Large‐Scale Circulation Patterns Responsible for Extreme Precipitation Over the North China Plain in Midsummer, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 10.1029/2019JD030583, 124, 23, (12794-12809), (2019). This can be compared with the observational Figure 2. Launch ePaper. An equatorward flow of a speed of 10 m s{sup -1} is found between 0.82 and 0.91 R{sub Sun} in the middle of the convection zone. These observations also make clear that interchange reconnection is a ubiquitous process in the solar corona, and as a result many of the ideas and concepts that have served as the basis for our understanding of the solar magnetic field and the solar wind require some reconsideration. © 2020. We find that the poleward meridional flow decreases in amplitude with time lag and reverses direction to become an equatorward return flow at time lags >24 hr. several distinct parameter regimes. Temple University. 2019; Horbury et al. Click here.. Not a subscriber? 10,813 talking about this. We propose a method for selecting parameter values in future numerical models. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI. This site uses cookies. The heliosphere contains a single current sheet, separating two hemispheres of open magnetic flux of opposite magnetic polarity. Edmonton Sun offers information on latest national and international events & more. While switchbacks and spikes have been seen in the solar wind before (Gosling et al. The open flux is thus dragged through overlying large coronal loops present at lower latitudes during solar minimum, reconnects, in a process usually referred to as interchange reconnection, and is displaced. There is little evidence that this process occurs at all, and certainly as the open magnetic flux from the polar coronal hole is transported downward in heliographic latitude from the polar coronal hole, across a broad range of heliographic longitudes, it cannot all reconnect and be eliminated at the current sheet, nor on the other side of the Sun can open flux be generated and transported upward in heliographic latitude. 2019). Read western and central Maine news on paper or on your computer with a Lewiston Sun Journal newspaper subscription. 2018), the events discovered by PSP exhibit an important new set of characteristics. Remarkably, over periods of hours to days the deflection of the magnetic field within larger switchbacks tends to deflect in a similar direction (Horbury et al. Thousands of individual events with durations greater than several seconds are seen in the 11 days below 0.25 au, allowing for preliminary studies of their statistical properties. The observations presented in the previous section provide confirmation that there is global circulation of open magnetic flux, which is made possible by interchange reconnection between open magnetic flux and large coronal loops, as predicted by Fisk & Schwadron (2001) and Fisk (2005). Journal Home; Current Issue; See All Issues; Hypertension. The Institute of Physics (IOP) is a leading scientific society promoting physics and bringing physicists together for the benefit of all. For the parameter values used in existing numerical simulations, on the other hand, we find that meridional flows are significantly weaker and, we argue, unable to confine the interior field. AJ (Engl. Please contact our individual newspaper publisher members for their latest circulation and audience figures Clyde Lodge, Clyde Road, Ballsbridge, Dublin 4, Ireland. Authors: Golitsyn, G S Publication Date: Sat Jan 01 00:00:00 EST 1972 Research Org. 2019; McManus et al. Accepted 2020 April 16 Slight north-south asymmetries are observed in the meridional flow. The Sun Journal is a newspaper published in Lewiston, Maine, United States, which covers the west of Maine. Astron. It is owned by Community Newspaper Holdings Inc. The Cornell Daily Sun, Volume XXXIX, Number 103, 5 May 1919 — SIBLEY JOURNAL TO BOOST CIRCULATION [ARTICLE] Contents of this issue. This preferred orientation can persist for days at a time. (2020). Symbols correspond to the inbound and outbound phases of encounters one (E1) and two (E2). After removing a systematic center-to-limb effect in the helioseismic measurements and performing inversions for flow speed, we find that the poleward meridional flow of a speed of 15 m s{sup -1} extends in depth from the photosphere to about 0.91 R{sub Sun }. In this scenario an open magnetic field line is (A) dragged against a large coronal loop, by global circulation in the corona, (B) undergoes interchange reconnection, and (C) effectively jumps the approximate width of the originally closed loop, launching an S-shaped switchback in the magnetic field into the corona. We construct a simple analytical magnetohydrodynamic model of the solar interior and identify, Recent analysis revealed that supergranules (convection cells seen at the Sun's surface) are advected by the zonal flows at depths equal to the widths of the cells themselves. This double-cell meridional circulation profile with an equatorward flow shallower than previously thought suggests a rethinking of how magnetic field is generated and redistributed inside the Sun. The 1σ error bars shown are dominated by the natural variance of the wind and not the much smaller uncertainties in the measurements as described in Kasper et al. Call: 252-638-8101 Newsletter; Sign up for our newsletter and have the top headlines from your community delivered right to your inbox. The Sun Journal has a daily circulation of 9,000 and a Sunday circulation of 10,500. It does not publish a Sunday edition. To impart a polar component into the heliospheric magnetic field, the open magnetic flux must be in motion in heliographic latitude in the solar corona, in addition to being attached to the rotating Sun. Click here to close this overlay, or press the "Escape" key on your keyboard. Nor can the open flux accumulate on one side of the Sun. If the HCS were somehow dynamically flapping across the spacecraft the heat flux would continue to travel away from the Sun as the field polarity flipped. © 2020. The ocean integrates the atmospheric forcing of the NAO as a result of the large inertia and responds by causing changes in the ocean circulation with a time lag of about one decade (Li et al., 2013; Gulev and Latif, 2015; Sun et al., 2015b). Born July 13, 1945 in Buffalo, she was the daughter of George and Iva (Roberts) Wooley. Journal Home; Current Issue; See All Issues; Circ: Heart Failure. Unlike the noisier MDI measurements, no evidence of a meridional flow counter-cell is seen in either hemisphere with the HMI measurements: poleward flow continues all the way to the poles. We argue that the problem lies in the choice of parameters for which these numerical simulations have been performed. The implications of this confirmation of the global circulation of open magnetic flux and the importance of interchange reconnection is discussed. Authors: Starr, V P; Gilman, P A Publication Date: Mon Jan 01 00:00:00 EST 1968 Research Org. Initial results from the first two encounters have been reported (Bale et al. This conclusion is additionally supported by the observation that the perturbed magnetic field within each event tends to rotate in one direction in a 2D plane, and then return to the original quiet orientation afterward (Kasper et al. However, it shortly became evident that the transport of the heliospheric magnetic field in latitude had profound consequences for basic solar processes, such as the acceleration of the solar wind, the formation of coronal holes, even potentially the solar dynamo. For realistic solar parameter values, our results are in broad agreement with the tachocline model of Gough and McIntyre. While there may be some evidence of instability and dissipation at the boundaries of the spikes, to first order they are steady, non-evolving S-shaped folds in the magnetic field produced closer to the Sun and flowing faster than the solar wind at approximately the local Alfvén speed (Mozer et al. Flow velocities were averaged for the overlap interval and compared to results obtained from MDI data. 2020), the spacecraft is thought to have spent the entire interval inside 0.25 au (54 solar radii), just below the heliospheric current sheet (HCS) in the southern magnetic hemisphere of the Sun (Szabo et al. Original content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence. In illustration B, the open field line is dragged through the loop, and undergoes interchange reconnection, creating a smaller loop, and an open field line with a large S-shaped switchback (C) that propagates outward into the corona at the Alfvén speed. Transl.) Kasper et al. The open magnetic flux is attached to the rotating Sun, and thus particularly near the current sheet, any transverse flow in the corona that is different from the solar rotation rate requires that the open flux is also transported at the base of the corona at a speed comparable to that of the excess between the transverse flow speed and the rotation rate. It has a worldwide membership of around 50 000 comprising physicists from all sectors, as well as those with an interest in physics. 2019; Kasper et al. Find out more. circulation sales manager at Sun Journal Lewiston, Maine 59 connections. - Sov. Although it is known that the uniform rotation can be explained by the presence of a global-scale confined magnetic field, numerical simulations have thus far failed to produce any solution where such a field remains confined against outward diffusion. 2020), a possibility supported by initial simulations that the switchbacks could survive intact from the lower corona to PSP (Tenerani et al. At solar minimum, open magnetic flux is transported downward and upward in heliographic latitude at the higher latitudes, and parallel to the current sheet at lower latitudes, driven by the need to maintain magnetic pressure balance in the corona. Into heliographic coordinates a 24 hr time lag returns equatorward at depths > 50 Mm-just the... Fisk & Schwadron ( 2001 ) and Fisk ( 1996 ) was obviously of interest to studies the! Real estate, auctions, pets, products and services for sale and much more benefits! 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And international events & more management and technical team has played a critical role in redistributing momentum... Journal Home ; Current Issue ; See All Issues ; circulation Research ( days!